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| Geography |
| More than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert |
| Location: | Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia |
| Geographic coordinates: | 25 00 N, 17 00 E |
| Area: | total: 1,759,540 sq km land: 1,759,540 sq km water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: slightly larger than Alaska |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 4,348 km border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km |
| Coastline: | 1,770 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm |
| Climate: | Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior |
| Terrain: | mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m |
| Natural resources: | petroleum, natural gas, gypsum |
| Land use: | arable land: 1.03% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 98.78% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 4,700 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: | hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms |
| Current Environment Issues: | desertification; limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
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| People |
| Population: | 6,324,357 country comparison to the world: 103 note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2009 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 33% (male 1,064,866/female 1,019,790) 15-64 years: 62.7% (male 2,033,478/female 1,920,755) 65 years and over: 4.3% (male 133,092/female 138,453) (2009 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 23.9 years male: 24 years female: 23.8 years (2009 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 2.172% (2009 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 25.13 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) |
| Death rate: | 3.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | NA (2009 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 21.7 deaths/1,000 live births male: 23.72 deaths/1,000 live births female: 19.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 77.29 years male: 75.01 years female: 79.68 years (2009 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 3.08 children born/woman (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.3% (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 10,000 (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA |
| Nationality: | noun: Libyan(s) adjective: Libyan |
| Ethnic groups: | Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians) |
| Religions: | Sunni Muslim 97%, other 3% |
| Languages: | Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 82.6% male: 92.4% female: 72% (2003 est.) |
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| Government |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya conventional short form: Libya local long form: Al Jamahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uthma local short form: none |
| Government type: | Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in practice, an authoritarian state |
| Capital: | name: Tripoli (Tarabulus) geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: | 25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25 municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions |
| Independence: | 24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship) |
| National holiday: | Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) |
| Constitution: | none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority |
| Legal system: | based on Italian and French civil law systems and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal and technically compulsory |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Prime Minister) al-Baghdadi Ali al-MAHMUDI (since 5 March 2006) cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held March 2009 (next to be held NA) election results: NA |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral General People's Congress (760 seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees) |
| Judicial branch: | Supreme Court |
| Political parties and leaders: | none |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | other: Arab nationalist movements; anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile Movement; Islamic elements |
| International organization participation: | ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Ali Suleiman AUJALI chancery: 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 944-9601 FAX: [1] (202) 944-9060 |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Gene A. CRETZ embassy: off Jaraba Street, behind the Libyan-Swiss clinic, Ben Ashour mailing address: US Embassy, 8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC 20521-8850 telephone: [218] 91-220-3239 |
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| Economy |
| The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute about 95% of export earnings, 25% of GDP, and 60% of public sector wages. The weakness in world hydrocarbon prices in 2009 reduced Libyan government tax income and constrained economic growth. Substantial revenues from the energy sector coupled with a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan officials in the past five years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction. The process of lifting US unilateral sanctions began in the spring of 2004; all sanctions were removed by June 2006, helping Libya attract greater foreign direct investment, especially in the energy sector. Libyan oil and gas licensing rounds continue to draw high international interest; the National Oil Company set a goal of nearly doubling oil production to 3 million bbl/day by 2012. Libya faces a long road ahead in liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps - including applying for WTO membership, reducing some subsidies, and announcing plans for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a transition to a more market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for more than 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food. Libya's primary agricultural water source remains the Great Manmade River Project, but significant resources are being invested in desalinization research to meet growing water demands. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity): $92.32 billion (2009 est.) $88.77 billion (2008 est.) $83.82 billion (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $60.61 billion (2009 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 4% (2009 est.) 5.9% (2008 est.) 5.6% (2007 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP): $14,600 (2009 est.) $14,300 (2008 est.) $13,900 (2007 est.) note: data are in 2009 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 4.2% industry: 77.9% services: 17.9% (2009 est.) |
| Labor force: | 1.686 million (2009 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 17% industry: 23% services: 59% (2004 est.) |
| Unemployment rate: | 30% (2004 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 7.4% (2005 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (2009 est.) 10.4% (2008 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 16% of GDP (2009 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $35.08 billion expenditures: $35.9 billion (2009 est.) |
| Public debt: | 6.5% of GDP (2009 est.) 4% of GDP (2008 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: | wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle |
| Industries: | petroleum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 4.8% (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 23.98 billion kWh (2007 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption: | 22.17 billion kWh (2007 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 104 million kWh (2007 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 77 million kWh (2007 est.) |
| Oil - production: | 1.875 million bbl/day (2008 est.) |
| Oil - consumption: | 273,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) |
| Oil - exports: | 1.542 million bbl/day (2007 est.) |
| Oil - imports: | 575 bbl/day (2007 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves: | 43.66 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 15.9 billion cu m (2008 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 5.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 10.4 billion cu m (2008 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2008 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 1.54 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) |
| Current account balance: | $6.502 billion (2009 est.) $37.39 billion (2008 est.) |
| Exports: | $33.97 billion (2009 est.) $64.5 billion (2008 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals |
| Exports - partners: | Italy 38%, Germany 12%, France 7.4%, Spain 6.9%, US 6.4%, Switzerland 4.6% (2008) |
| Imports: | $26.82 billion (2009 est.) $26.55 billion (2008 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products |
| Imports - partners: | Italy 22.2%, China 9.3%, Germany 8.6%, Turkey 6.1%, Tunisia 5.8%, South Korea 4.7%, US 4.1%, France 4.1% (2008) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $89.74 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $92.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $6.491 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $6.223 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $13.65 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $11.23 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $6.963 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $5.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA |
| Exchange rates: | Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2641 (2009), 1.2112 (2008), 1.2604 (2007), 1.3108 (2006), 1.3084 (2005) |
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| Communications |
| Telephones in use: | 1.033 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 79 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 4.828 million (2008) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: telecommunications system is state-owned and service is poor, but investment is being made to upgrade; state retains monopoly in fixed-line services; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996; multiple providers for a mobile telephone system that is growing rapidly; combined fixed line and mobile telephone density is approaching 100 telephones per 100 persons domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (2008) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2001) |
| Television broadcast stations: | 12 (plus 1 repeater) (1999) |
| Internet country code: | .ly |
| Internet hosts: | 11,751 (2009) |
| Internet users: | 323,000 (2008) |
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| Transportation |
| Airports: | 137 (2009) country comparison to the world: 41 |
| Airports (paved runways): | total: 59 over 3,047 m: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2009) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total: 78 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 17 (2009) |
| Heliports: | 2 (2009) |
| Pipelines: | condensate 776 km; gas 2,860 km; oil 6,987 km (2008) |
| Roadways: | total: 100,024 km paved: 57,214 km unpaved: 42,810 km (2003) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 17 by type: cargo 9, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 4 (Kuwait 1, Norway 1, Syria 2) registered in other countries: 3 (Malta 3) (2008) |
| Ports and terminals: | As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Tripoli, Zawiyah |
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| Military |
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| Military branches: | Armed Peoples on Duty (APOD, Army), Libyan Arab Navy, Libyan Arab Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jamahiriya al-Arabia al-Libyya, LAAF), Libyan Coast Guard (2008) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 17 years of age (2004) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 1,682,183 females age 16-49: 1,611,001 (2008 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 1,466,578 females age 16-49: 1,409,684 (2009 est.) |
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